TIP TALKS
The
Newsletter of the Toxics Information Project (TIP)
SUMMER 2007
*****************************************************************************************************
PESTICIDES & PERFUME - PROBLEMS & PROJECTS
It has been a hectic Spring, more so than usual. Our ongoing battle vs. lawn pesticides on the grounds of schools and day care centers came closer than ever before to legislative victory - then faded into a “report”.
The RI Senate Environment & Agriculture Committee went through 4 hearings and several “Sub-A” amended versions of this year’s school pesticide bill - then turned the matter over to state agencies to study.
Although disappointed, we will follow up on the measure by providing tons of information to those considering the matter, and hope to achieve success next year. Meanwhile, Connecticut has given great encouragement and set a fine example by expanding their 2005 school lawn pesticide ban to apply to all children up to Grade 8. And the measure passed unanimously in the CT Senate, with only 9 legislators against it in the House! Proof that organic land care can work! See info about the Rhode Island effort and how to support it at: www.toxicsinfo.org/legislation.htm
We have begun looking forward to 2008 by applying for a grant that would assist us with the follow-up on this concern. We propose to explore the creation of a “Kids & Toxics Information Exchange”. This would promote networking and sharing of information on and alternatives to chemicals shown to have harmful effects on children’s health. The first phase would be a lot of contact with parents, school and day care professionals, etc., to determine the best means to accomplish the education and connections we seek. Down the road, I hope to utilize a special place on our website for exchanging thoughts, tips, concerns and support for protecting kids from toxics. Another option is offering talks to various groups.
The other major
project that has absorbed me in recent months is the job of obtaining product
samples to distribute at a fragrance-free Quaker conference to be held in River
Falls, WI, June 30 to July 7. This has
involved researching many products, requesting donations from manufacturers,
and then buying what we could not get for free, using money donated by a
chemically-sensitive Friend. (This
actually included ordering a bunch of little one and two-ounce bottles into
which to pour products not available in sample sizes). Learn more about this effort, including
fragrance-free product lists, comments by people affected by perfume,
information about fragrance chemicals, etc. at: www.toxicsinfo.org/canary.htm
After the busiest time ever providing tables at various events - we get more and more invitations - I’ll be taking a bit of a break. Paul & I will leave July 26 for St. Paul, MN, to meet my daughter Jessica (whom I’ve not seen for 20 years) and her friend Sarka, flying in from the Czech Republic. We’ll attend the River Falls conference for a week, drive back to RI, visiting along the way, and after 6 days will be off to another Quaker gathering on Lake George, before our visitors depart on July 31. Except for selling some books, TIP activities will be on hold until August. Plans for late summer and Fall are not yet set , but we hope they will include a talk by Erin Boles of Massachusetts Breast Cancer Coalition, and another TIP party!
Meanwhile, I wish you all a pleasurable and healthy summer, and urge you to check in from time to time on our website, especially the Action Corner, which we try to keep updated. And pass the word to those you know and care about - they will be the better for the information we offer, constantly being expanded!
Blessings,
Liberty Goodwin, TIP Director
CANARY
CORNER
ARE YOU POISONING YOUR NEIGHBORS?
From
the Post Bulletin Letters to the Editor
According
to poet Robert Frost: "Good fences make good neighbors." How true.
But what happens when our neighbors' actions are potentially harmful to
us? What happens when the harm is
invisible -- like a cloud, is airborne, and runs down our driveways to mix with
our water supplies, contaminating our soil and water, posing health threats to
our children and pets. What then? Sounds like science fiction, but this
situation is a reality in neighborhoods across the country. I have spoken with people who look over to
their neighbors' sprayed lawns, and feel helpless.
Many lawn products contain 2,4-D, a relative to Agent
Orange, which is already banned in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. How do those countries view the social
contract we have with one another as neighbors? We know the potential health effects of 2,4-D ("A possible
human carcinogen and a suspected endocrine disrupter, causing adverse
developmental and reproductive effects.")
Good neighbors care about their fellow citizens
enough to restrain from using pesticides that are known to harm. They think about the postman, newsboy, pets,
animals and birds that come in contact with their lawns. Regulations
exist, but are not enforced.
Legislation is pending, but for now it's up to us. What it takes is a change of heart, one that
acknowledges the world beyond just the front lawn.
Flo Sandok, Rochester
*******************************************************************************************************************
I’ve
been posing this same dilemma to various people for the last couple of months
now. We have in our constitution
somewhere that says to the effect one person’s rights end at the next person’s
face. By using environmentally
destructive things we are punching the other person in the face, therefore
breaking a constitutional law. The
question is how do we get the authoritative figures to enforce the
constitutional rights?? When it was
written by the founding leaders it was intentionally left broad and simple so
as to make it easy to understand by the common person. Its the politics of
today that choose to make it difficult to do anything about it by installing
judges that will interpret their personal views into issues. Don’t forget who picked the judge to begin
with - so they are just as political as the rest with one exception - their
term is for life. So how do we change this?
We protest en masse.
I
cringe every time I see the ChemLawn (or it’s variants) pull up to one of my
neighbors’ houses…I rush to bring my children in and close the windows on that
side of the house! I’m actually drafting a letter to my Homeowners Association
outlining the harmful effects, not only on the people, but also the place
caused by this spraying…I can only hope I will plant a seed, if not make an
actual change.
*************************************************************************************
SOME
PROPOSE SUBSTITUTING ARTIFICIAL TURF FOR CHEMICAL LAWN TREATMENT
THINK
THIS MIGHT BE A GOOD IDEA? THINK
AGAIN! ORGANIC CARE IS THE WAY TO GO!
The Public Advocate's Office * New York, NY 10007 *
Contact: John Collins, Press
Secretary,
(212) 669-4193; (917) 496-4587
Public Advocate Gotbaum Calls
for Independent Testing of Pellets Used in City Parks
Health risks to New Yorkers playing on synthetic turf
remains unknown
http://pubadvocate.nyc.gov/news/ToxicTurf41307.html
April
15, 2007 MANHATTAN - Public Advocate
Betsy Gotbaum today called for immediate, independent testing of rubber pellets
that may pose serious health risks to New Yorkers. The rubber pellets, used to
fill in synthetic turf in more than 70 athletic fields throughout the City, are
made from recycled tires that contain high levels of cancer-causing chemicals.
The health risks to families and kids playing on the turf remain unknown.
Public Advocate Gotbaum was joined by CUNY Professor William Crain and
representatives from New York Lawyers for the Public Interest to call on the
Parks Department to allow an independent study of the health impacts of the
pellets before the City expands their use to additional fields.
Public Advocate Gotbaum said, "Families and children play in City parks
every day - and they shouldn't be placed in danger. We know these pellets
contain toxic agents, but we don't know if these hazardous agents will hurt
families or children. That's why the City should allow an exhaustive,
independent study to help us identify possible health risks and protect New Yorkers."
In 2006, researchers at Rutgers University studied the pellets and found levels
of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at levels well above those set for soil by
the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. However, the study
did not determine if the chemicals are absorbed into the body. The Parks
Department has denied requests for further tests.
Professor
William Crain said, "It is an important public health issue that we learn
how these chemicals in synthetic turf might affect children or athletes.
The Parks Department should be encouraging our research, not
putting obstacles in our way."
The Parks Department uses the rubber pellet infill on the surface of the turf
to make it feel more natural. As a result, the pellets come in near-constant
contact with people using the fields.
Gavin Kearney at New York Lawyers for the Public Interest said, "New
Yorkers deserve safe parks. Where legitimate health concerns are raised, the
Parks Department should support efforts to address those concerns and not stone
wall the process."
Christian DiPalermo, Executive Director of New Yorkers for Parks, said,
"Questions remain, and the City should make every effort to examine the
turf issue in a transparent way to ensure the safety of all New Yorkers and the
best use of public dollars."
Professor Crain and researchers at Rutgers University have already secured
funding to complete an independent study of the pellets. However, the funding
is predicated on Parks Department authorization. Public Advocate Gotbaum
said that the City should allow Rutgers University or another independent
organization to analyze the health impact of these pellets.
http://www.health.am/ab/more/insect_spray_may_lower_testosterone_levels_in_men/
Wednesday, January 11, 2006, By Charnicia E. Huggins
NEW
YORK (Reuters Health) - While infertility may be caused by a number of factors,
new study findings suggest that exposure to non-persistent, or short-lasting,
insecticides may play a role in male infertility. "Environmental exposure to chlorpyrifos or its metabolite
(TCPY) may be associated with reduced levels of circulating testosterone in
adult men," lead study author Dr. John D. Meeker, of the University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, told Reuters Health. "A decline in testosterone
throughout a population could potentially lead to adverse reproductive health
outcomes," he added. SOURCE:
Epidemiology, January 2006
OTHERS DO IT WITHOUT CHEMICALS - SO CAN WE!
Non-Chemical Aquatic Weed Control Alternative to Herbicides
(With
Renewable Energy, No Less!)
Massachusetts DCR has proposed to apply various
herbicides (aquatic pesticides) in the same South Pond as the Natick
drinking-water wells AND toxic sediments from U.S. Army Natick Labs (now Soldier
Systems Center). A citizen group
appealed those treatments, and the State has responded that no alternative can work
without the use of chemicals.
But, while Massachusetts says chemicals are needed
here, these "new" gadgets (floating circulators, using windmills or
solar cells for power) have been killing off heavy infestations of Eurasian
water milfoil in other states and in the Province of Quebec. Details, technical papers, photographs and more are online at:http://www.millermicro.com/LCmilfoil.html For more, contact Dick Miller, 508/653-6136 or E-Mail: TheMillers@millermicro.com
******************************************************************************************************************************
AND A YOUNG MAN SHALL LEAD THEM
Tam Valley Boy Puts Brakes on Spraying at Eastwood Park
(What’s a rototiller for, anyway?)
http://www.marinij.com/millvalley/ci_3624213
Date: Sat, 25 Mar 2006, By Mark Prado
An 11-year-old Tamalpais Valley boy has almost single-handedly halted chemical spraying on a half-acre section of park where he plays sports and walks his dog. Albie Brown, a sixth-grader at Marin Country Day School, his mother and about 15 others who gathered in Eastwood Park in Tam Valley early Monday heard the news they hoped for: Roundup will not be used to clear weeds for a new field. "Yeah, I was surprised that they didn't use it; it kind of seemed hopeless," Albie said after getting home from school Monday. "I didn't like the idea of them using pesticides. I didn't want anyone getting sick."
Last week, Albie noticed signs posted in the park of plans to spray Roundup as part of a $500,000 project for a new field, trails, picnic tables and restrooms set to open in June. The field has divots and is pocked with weeds, and the Tamalpais Community Services District hired a contractor to spray the chemical to get rid of the weeds before the new field is put in. Albie researched the chemical and was concerned it could make people ill or get washed into creeks during rains and affect fish. He then wrote letters to the editor of local papers, including the Independent Journal, voicing concern, and his mother contacted neighbors and Marin's Pesticide Free Zone Campaign. Word spread over the weekend and got to the Tamalpais Community Services District board, which agreed to halt the spraying. "He deserves a lot of credit," said John Elam, general manager of the district. Elam met with Albie and his supporters Monday morning in a light rain at the park to tell them there would be no spraying. "He has a lot of energy and is a positive kid," Elam said. "He called us on it and we could not defend the use of Roundup." The district will now use a rototiller to rip out the weeds, Elam said.
"I'm proud of him," said Jan Waldman,
Albie's mother. "These kids grow up with environmental education and we
see that it has an impact and pays off."
*******************************************************************************************************************
ANOTHER QUESTION:
ARE YOU POISONING THE BEES NEEDED FOR POLLINATION?
http://www.mlive.com/news/kzgazette/index.ssf?/base/news-23/118002026916110.xml&coll=7
Thursday, May 24, 2007, Kalamazoo Gazette, by Amy Ellis Nutt
An insecticide
is suspected of causing a ``colony collapse'' disorder that has killed millions
of honeybees worldwide and up to half of the 2.5 million colonies in the United
States. The chief suspect, say many scientists, is imidacloprid,
the most commonly used insecticide on the planet. Honeybees come
into contact with pesticides because they are needed to pollinate scores of
crops, including apples, cherries, blueberries and other crops in southwestern
Michigan. The die-off has been a major
concern for farmers and scientists, who have been looking into potential
causes, from diseases and parasites to pesticides. A member of a
class of pesticides called neonicotinoids, imidacloprid is a synthetic
derivative of nicotine and works by impairing the central nervous system of
insects, causing their neurons to fire uncontrollably and eventually leading to
muscle paralysis and death. The potent chemical can be sprayed on plants or coated on
seeds, which then release the insecticide through the plants as they grow. Research has shown
that in sublethal doses imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids can impair
honeybees' memory and learning, as well as their motor activity and navigation.
Recent studies have reported ``anomalous flying behavior'' in
imidacloprid-treated bees, in which the workaholic insects simply fall to the
grass or appear unable to fly toward the hive.
Imidacloprid was used
on just a few specialty crops when it first came out, but its use has become
much more widespread because of its effectiveness against a wide range of
pests, said Mark Longstroth, Michigan State University Extension's district
educator for fruit in southwestern Michigan.
It is also used by homeowners because ``it's
very safe for the mammalian system,'' he said. Longstroth hasn't reviewed data on how
imidacloprid is suspected to affect the honeybees, but he said implicating the
chemical as the colony collapse culprit sounds plausible. Launched in 1994 by Bayer AG, the German
health-care and chemical company, imidacloprid is sold under various brand
names, such as Admire, Advantage, Gaucho, Merit, Premise and Provado.
SOLUTION TO BEE DIE-OFF (SURPRISE!) - ORGANIC BEEKEEPING!
NO ORGANIC
BEE LOSSES
"Sharon Labchuk
is a longtime environmental activist and part-time organic beekeeper from
Prince Edward Island. She has twice run
for a seat in Ottawa's House of Commons, making strong showings around 5% for
Canada's fledgling Green Party. She is
also leader of the provincial wing of her party. In a widely circulated email,
she wrote: “I'm on an organic
beekeeping list of about 1,000 people, mostly Americans, and no one in the
organic beekeeping world, including commercial beekeepers, is reporting colony
collapse on this list. The problem with
the big commercial guys is that they put pesticides in their hives to fumigate
for varroa mites, and they feed antibiotics to the bees. They also haul the hives by truck all over
the place to make more money with pollination services, which stresses the
colonies.” Her email recommends a visit
to the Bush Bees Web site at
Here, Michael Bush
felt compelled to put a message to the beekeeping world right on the top page:
Most of us beekeepers are fighting with
the Varroa mites. I'm happy to say my biggest problems are things like trying
to get nucs through the winter and coming up with hives that won't hurt my back
from lifting or better ways to feed the bees.
This change from fighting the mites is mostly because I've gone to
natural sized cells. In case you
weren't aware, and I wasn't for a long time, the foundation in common usage
results in much larger bees than what you would find in a natural hive. I've
measured sections of natural worker brood comb that are 4.6mm in diameter. What most people use for worker brood is
foundation that is 5.4mm in diameter.
If you translate that into three dimensions instead of one, it produces
a bee that is about half as large again as is natural. By letting the bees
build natural sized cells, I have virtually eliminated my Varroa and Tracheal
mite problems. One cause of this is
shorter capping times by one day, and shorter post-capping times by one
day. This means less Varroa get into
the cells, and less Varroa reproduce in the cells.
Who should be surprised that the major
media reports forget to tell us that the dying bees are actually hyper-bred
varieties that we coax into a larger than normal body size? It sounds just like the beef industry. And, have we here a solution to the
vanishing bee problem? Is it one that
the CCD Working Group, or indeed, the scientific world at large, will
support? Will media coverage affect government
action in dealing with this issue?
These are important questions to ask.
It is not an uncommonly held opinion that, although this new pattern of
bee colony collapse seems to have struck from out of the blue (which suggests a
triggering agent), it is likely that some biological limit in the bees has been
crossed. There is no shortage of
evidence that we have been fast approaching this limit for some time. We've been pushing them too hard, Dr. Peter
Kevan, an associate professor of environmental biology at the University of
Guelph in Ontario, told the CBC. And
we're starving them out by feeding them artificially and moving them great
distances. Given the stress commercial
bees are under, Kevan suggests CCD might be caused by parasitic mites, or long
cold winters, or long wet springs, or pesticides, or genetically modified
crops. Maybe it's all of the above...
greensrgood4u:
Activism, Politics, Fun With Greens and Other Friends of the Earth
http://www.getphpbb.com/phpbb/greensrgood.html
TIPS FOR A SAFE SUMMER - AND BEYOND
EXPANDED SKIN DEEP DATABASE OF LESS TOXIC COSMETICS
www.cosmeticsdatabase.com/index.php?nothanks=1
Dear Friends,
Today we are releasing a dramatically expanded and improved version of our popular cosmetics and personal care products database, Skin Deep. The site has been redesigned top to bottom, and we've added ratings for nearly 10,000 more products. Now in its fourth year and third major update, our Skin Deep product safety database provides safety ratings for nearly 25,000 personal care products - almost a quarter of all products on the market - and the 7,000 ingredients they contain. Due to gaping loopholes in federal law, companies can put virtually any ingredient into personal care products. Even worse, the government does not require pre-market safety tests for any of them. Our aim is to fill in where companies and the government left off. Skin Deep is the only tool available to consumers to assess and compare the safety of personal care products.
Looking for safer sunscreen to protect the kids this summer? Or shampoos without dangerous preservatives? Skin Deep helps you learn what not to buy, and helps you find safer options for you and your family.
And along with adding thousands of products and a dozen new toxicity databases, we have also overhauled the look and feel of Skin Deep. You'll find it easier to search for products and find answers about how chemicals affect our health. While we believe that making informed shopping decisions matters, the lack of safety testing reveals major gaps in our system of public health protections. So how can you make a difference?
• First, please visit Skin Deep and sign the EWG Action Fund petition to Congress demanding that manufacturers prove the safety of their products before they are allowed to sell them.
• Second, make a donation to support our work. We rely on individuals to provide us with the funds to update the database and make a difference in Congress.
At about one million page views per month and growing, Skin Deep is the world's most popular online product safety guide. Many thanks for your support. Enjoy the new and improved Skin Deep.
Jane Houlihan, VP for Research, Environmental Working Group (EWG), www.ewg.org
***********************************************************************************************************************
WASHINGTON, DC—According to a Department of Health and Human
Services report released Monday, McDonald's meat from antibiotics-injected
livestock is now the primary source of antibiotics for U.S. children,
particularly for uninsured youths from low-income households. "Unfortunately, some children still
fall through the cracks in our health-care system, but luckily, McDonald's is
there to lend a helping hand," Secretary of Health and Human Services
Tommy Thompson said at a press conference announcing the findings. "So even if a child's family has no
health insurance and can't afford medicine, virtually anyone can afford a
delicious 99-cent Big Mac with pickles, cheese, and a heapin' helpin' of [the
antibiotic] quinupristin-dalfopristin."
In HHS tests, 82 percent of children who had not been properly
inoculated were still found to have significant levels of antibiotics in their
bloodstreams. The antibiotics, the
tests concluded, were the result of sustained intake of McDonald's meat. "Disadvantaged children tend to eat at
McDonald's a lot, which is a good thing," Thompson said. "If you
think about it, where else are these kids going to get their
fluoroquinolone?"
Large-scale meat producers, Thompson noted, routinely add
antibiotics to the feed of healthy animals to prevent cross-infection in the
crowded, cramped quarters where livestock are typically raised. In the U.S.,
the average beef steer receives eight times more antibiotics than its human
counterpart. "When your daughter
gets strep throat, head straight over to McDonald's and prescribe her a
delicious Quarter Pounder or nine-piece Chicken McNuggets," Thompson said.
"She'll not only receive the amoxycillin she needs to get better, but also
a whole array of growth hormones proven to speed a child's physical
development." "And if your
child prefers Burger King or Wendy's," he continued, "that's fine,
too. Any of the big fast-food chains
can get them healthy."
While all Americans benefit from the 25 million pounds of
antibiotics fed to chickens, pigs, and cows each year, children stand to gain
the most, U.S. Sen. Richard Lugar (R-IN) said.
"Children weigh less than adults, so when they eat a hamburger,
they get a proportionally more potent dose of antibiotics," said Lugar,
who is among the Senate's strongest proponents of fast-food-based health care.
"These antibiotics are vital in the treatment of such common childhood
ailments as sore throat, ear infection, and hoof rot." According to Lugar, waiting in a crowded
doctor's office may soon be a thing of the past. "Every day, food scientists are discovering new antibiotics,
growth hormones, and other chemically engineered substances to inject into the
nation's beef supply," Lugar said. "And with Americans working longer
and longer hours just to make ends meet, people can't afford to waste time
sitting around some waiting room until their name is called. Unlike a doctor,
our fast-food providers can deliver a full spectrum of antibiotics in
minutes—hot, fresh, and with a smile."
In conjunction with the Department of Health and Human
Services, Burger King will soon release a brochure, "Happy And Healthy The
Burger King Way," which outlines a 14-day plan for the treatment of
bacterial infections. In the leaflet, a
cartoon cow in a medical coat reminds parents to give their infected children
two daily doses of antibiotic-treated meat for 14 days. If the condition does
not improve after 10 days, the parent or guardian of the ailing child is
instructed to contact a store manager.
"If your child has a sinus infection, he or she can drop by before
and after school for a Double Cheeseburger 50cc Meal or a delicious Chicken
Tetracycline," Burger King spokeswoman Linda Jacobs said. "As we're
fond of saying here at Burger King, 'This won't hurt a bite!'"
Though representatives say they're pleased with the praise
it has received, the fast-food industry does not intend to rest on its
laurels. "Repeated use of
antibiotics will result in increased resistance to antibiotics in new strains
of bacteria," said Carl Pickney, lab researcher for TriCon Global, the
fast-food conglomerate that owns KFC, Taco Bell, and Pizza Hut. "That's why we need to encourage our
meat suppliers to continually raise the levels of antibiotics in their meat,
developing newer, stronger antibiotics to replace those that no longer work. We're making good progress, but we've still
got a whole lot of meat to modify."
ONE MORE SUMMER WARNING
Chlorine Pools Tied to Lung Problems
(Go Jump in the Lake!!) (Or Ocean)
People
who work near them suffer more sinus infections and colds.
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18023433/
Reuters: Updated April 9,
2007, NEW YORK - Swimming teachers and
other people who spend a lot of time near chlorinated pools face an increased
risk of breathing problems, Dutch researchers report. Chlorine reacts with substances such as urine and sweat to create
byproducts that can irritate the respiratory tract, most importantly
chloramines, explain Dr. Jose Jacobs of the University of Utrecht in The
Netherlands and colleagues in a report in the European Respiratory
Journal. The research team surveyed 624
swimming pool employees and sampled air at six swimming pools. They measured trichloramine levels at all 38
pools included in the study to estimate long-term exposure among
employees. Trichloramines are the most
volatile type of chloramine, and are known to irritate the eyes and upper
respiratory tract.
Compared to pool workers with the least exposure to trichloramines, such as catering employees or receptionists, swimming instructors were 2.4 times as likely to suffer frequently from sinusitis or sore throat, and faced a 3.4-fold greater risk of chronic cold, the researchers found. Employees with high levels of exposure were at greater risk of a number of other respiratory symptoms compared to the general Dutch population, ranging from a 40 percent increased risk for tightness of the chest to a more than sevenfold greater likelihood of suffering breathlessness while walking with a person of the same age. People who reported excessive humidity or inadequate ventilation at work were also more likely to report breathing problems.
Trichloramine exposure is the
most likely explanation for the breathing problems identified in the study,
given that levels poolside can be three times higher than the established
comfort level, the researchers write. The chemicals could boost a person’s risk
of asthma, allergies and other breathing problems, they suggest, by making the
airways more permeable. Health and
safety regulations for chlorinated pools address water quality, but not air
quality, Jacobs and colleagues point out.
One possible way to reduce levels of trichloramines might be to improve
hygiene among pool users, they add, although enforcing compliance could be
difficult. Copyright 2007 Reuters
Limited. © 2007 MSNBC.com
******************************************************************************************************************************
IF YOUR MEMBERSHIP IS UP FOR
RENEWAL OR YOU WISH TO GIVE TIP SOME CHEER AND SUPPORT, CONSIDER USING OUR
ONLINE CREDIT CARD OPTION! JUST GO TO: http://www.toxicsinfo.org/subscribe.htm (Old-fashioned checks to Toxics Information
Project are also gratefully accepted.)
TOXICS INFORMATION PROJECT
(TIP),
P.O. Box 40572,
Providence, RI
02940
Telephone (401) 351-9193 ,
E-Mail: TIPTALKS@toxicinfo.org,
Web:
www.toxicsinfo.org